The schematics are refined in stages, from rudimentary bubble diagrams to a finished floor plan, which will form the basis of the blueprints or working drawings.įigure 1 – During the Design Process, the schematics evolve in stages, from rudimentary bubble diagrams (1) to finished floor plans (4)įigure 1 shows the evolution of diagramming in four stages. The space-planning process recognises which areas and functions are to be interrelated that is to say, in a well-designed space, activities should flow smoothly and effectively from one zoned area into another.ĭiagramming is the process of placing a two- or three-dimensional graphical representation of the proposed space on paper (Nielson et al, p.103). Other zones may overlap – the kitchen-diner or ‘great room’ is an increasingly popular feature of modern homes. There are normally functional interrelationships between zones – certain zones have an adjacency relationship to one another – a kitchen is traditionally sited close to the dining area and bedrooms are typically grouped around a shared bathroom. Typically, homes have four zones: social zones work zones (kitchen, utility, office) private zones (bedrooms, bathrooms) and storage zones (cupboards, closets and cabinets). The functional use of the space can be graphically illustrated. Intelligent space planning involves consideration of the following factors:Īrguably the most important among space allocation considerations is a functional analysis of the space. The Design Programme identifies the proposed function and the preferred mood and style of the space. The Programme data gathered during the Design Process lays the foundation for space planning. Application of the Principles of Design.Special needs for elderly or disabled users.Permanent fixtures (kitchen and bath spaces).Identify the entities - Entities are easy to recognize as they are represented by nouns. The steps to creating an ERD are as follows: Relevant customer information includes name, address and telephone number. One order can have multiple transactions since customers may add items, change the quantity of items or even return items after purchase, if they so desire. Each order is assigned a unique order code and an order may have multiple items. Customers may or may not place orders at any one time. In order to draw an ERD effectively, the BA must understand the domain and how things work – especially the business rules.Ĭustomers visit the Centage website to purchase gardening items. Reveal ambiguities and other data items that the system needs to store Share information on the types of data the organization stores Model the data in an organization in terms of the different types/categories of data and their relationships to each other Because it shows the relationship between the entities in the system, it may also be used for explaining constraints or business rules.ĭata entities are represented by rectangles relationships are represented by diamonds while attributes are represented by ovals ( See example below).ĮRDs are particularly useful where the BA wants to: For example, an ERD can show how many orders a customer can have or whether one order can only be linked to only one or multiple customers. Though analysts mostly employ the use of ERDs for communicating the design of databases to developers, they are also an interesting way of illustrating the constraints that guide the use of a system to users through cardinality. ERDs show entities, their attributes (qualities that describe entities) and the relationships among these entities. Think of the user/business environment as a collection of “things” we need to know about. So, what exactly are entities and why would you want to draw one?Įntities are things we need to store data about. Its primary application is in the design of relational databases this is why it is also referred to as a Database Model. Peter Chen proposed the ERD in 1976 as a conceptual modelling tool which represents real world data in the form of entities and relationships.
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